疫苗和抗体的中和活性评价

疫苗是预防病毒流行最有效的措施，疫苗设计的主要靶标一般是病毒的膜蛋白，如新型冠状病毒的刺突蛋白，流感病毒的血凝素蛋白，呼吸道合胞病毒的融合蛋白等，这些膜蛋白产生的抗体主要是中和抗体。以病毒的膜蛋白去包装假病毒即可通过假病毒中和试验检测疫苗的中和抗体活性。目前已在多种病毒疫苗中作为评价工具，如新冠病毒^[1-3] ,流感病毒^[4]等。除了疫苗外，单克隆抗体在对病毒的治疗和预防上也发挥举足轻重的作用，单抗与病毒的结合作用也可借助假病毒工具来评价。通过对中和抗体滴度的检测，可评价病毒对单抗的逃逸作用，目前广泛应用于新冠病毒^{[5, 6]}。

疫苗和抗体的中和活性评价示意图^[2]

[1]          Zhong J., Liu S., Cui T., et al. Heterologous booster with inhaled adenovirus vector COVID-19 vaccine generated more neutralizing antibodies against different SARS-CoV-2 variants [J]. Emerg Microbes Infect, 2022, 11(1): 2689-2697.

[2]          Li Q., Nie J., Wu J., et al. SARS-CoV-2 501Y.V2 variants lack higher infectivity but do have immune escape [J]. Cell, 2021, 184(9): 2362-2371.e2369.

[3]          Li Q., Wu J., Nie J., et al. The Impact of Mutations in SARS-CoV-2 Spike on Viral Infectivity and Antigenicity [J]. Cell, 2020, 182(5): 1284-1294.e1289.

[4]          Zhang M., An Y., Wu X., et al. Retrospective immunogenicity analysis of seasonal flu H3N2 vaccines recommended in the past ten years using immunized animal sera [J]. EBioMedicine, 2022, 86: 104350.

[5]          Liu S., Jia Z., Nie J., et al. A broader neutralizing antibody against all the current VOCs and VOIs targets unique epitope of SARS-CoV-2 RBD [J]. Cell Discov, 2022, 8(1): 81.

[6]          Chen Y., Zhu L., Huang W., et al. Potent RBD-specific neutralizing rabbit monoclonal antibodies recognize emerging SARS-CoV-2 variants elicited by DNA prime-protein boost vaccination [J]. Emerg Microbes Infect, 2021, 10(1): 1390-1403.